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The graph at the bottom of this slide -- cache miss rate vs cache size -- demonstrates a concept that is important for both programmers and hardware designers to keep in mind. Notice that the increase in miss rate as cache size decreases is discontinuous. These jumps in cache misses as the cache size decreases occur as the cache becomes too small to hold an entire working set of data (there are multiple jumps because there may be multiple critical working sets)

It's obvious that hardware designers building a system for a particular application will want to keep this in mind when considering the tradeoffs regarding cache-size, but it's also important for the programmer to consider how well his/her data is going to fit in the cache on the system they're programming for.